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Woman's Hair in the Bible
The Bible presents hair as an ornament, enhancing the appearance of a woman. The attraction of a woman's hair is poetically expressed in the Biblical Song of Songs: "Your hair is like a flock of goats from Gilead" (6:5). The Talmud not only regarded women's hair as beautiful, but as erotic; and for that reason it had to be covered.
Conversely, cutting her hair was a way to make a woman unattractive. The sole place in the Bible depicting a woman's hair being cut is in the laws of the captive woman (Deut. 21:12). After a period of one month, during which time she was permitted to mourn her family, the captor might then claim her for his wife. The fact that her hair was shaved at the beginning of her captivity, whether as a sign of her subjugation or as a part of her mourning, may also indicate to what extent hair was considered an adornment to women. The classical rabbis, including Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakhim, 8:5; see generally, J.H. Hertz's Edition of the Pentateuch, at Deut. 21:12), have suggested that cutting her hair made the captive less attractive to her captor, perhaps even with the intent that over the course of the month his ardor would cool and he would eventually let her go.
The practice of shaving a woman's hair upon marriage, while not directly influenced by this Biblical account, became prevalent in Central Europe and especially Hungary in the early modern period. This shows that a practice which the Bible viewed as an aberration could be converted into normative religious ritual. What the Bible imposed as a sign of both subjugation and mourning was transformed by history into an expression of female "modesty." Although many rabbis inveighed against the practice, it nevertheless took hold in a number of communities.
In addition to the aesthetic value of hair described in the Bible, the cutting of a nazirite's hair was associated with his transition from one status of life to another. Similarly, in post-Biblical Judaism, covering of the hair signaled a transition in the female life cycle, symbolizing the departure from maidenhood into womanhood. Hair covering may not have served this function for women in the Bible, however, since there is some evidence that the unmarried girl, like her married counterpart, may also have covered her hair. Thus, the betrothed Rebecca demurely covers herself upon first sight of her intended husband (Gen. 24:65). Single women may not have covered their hair in the days of the Talmud. It is therefore uncertain that hair covering in the Bible held the transitional function of marking a change in status, but it may well have been a transitional marker in Talmudic times.
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